![]() ![]() Consequently, it’s virtually impossible to safely recycle a PVC line. If that’s not enough, as it decomposes, PVC is known to release Dioxins, a group of lethal, bioaccumulating toxins. Once it has shed enough of these, it becomes prone to cracking, even failure. ![]() You see, from the minute it’s made, a PVC line begins breaking down, leaching plasticisers into the environment and contaminating you and the waters you fish. These plasticisers are anything but a permanent part of a PVC line. Airflo Airflo Fly Lines never use PVC For nearly 70 years, the majority of fly lines have been made from PVC, a naturally rigid plastic that requires the use of plasticisers to make PVC lines functional.Ahrex use innovative technology and the best materials available for each specific fly tying hook. Designed by Scandinavian fly-fishermen for fly fishing all over the world. Ahrex Ahrex Hooks are available in Australia through BWCflies.Abel has written its way into history by making gear for the world’s top guides and fishing lodges, winning more IGFA world records and industry design awards than any other fly tackle manufacturer in the world. Abel products meet the highest standards in quality, design and manufacturing and the company invests heavily in research and development to continue to improve its designs and technologies. It is headquartered in Montrose, Colorado, home to its precision manufacturing facility and research & development lab. Abel ABEL Fly Reels – INSPIRED BY THE MOUNTAINS Established in 1980, it employs approximately 50 people worldwide.Mechanical properties membrane and vein microscopic structure scanning electron microscope tensile testing. The membrane far from the wing root is thinner and the elastic modulus of the nearby wing veins is smaller, making them more flexible. This renders the region near the wing root difficult to deform. The wing membrane near the wing root is thicker and reinforced by the main wing vein with a high elastic modulus. Because the wing vein microstructure exhibits an internal hollow tubular structure with flocculent structure inside, the "fresh" sample stores more water than the "dry" sample. We proved that the elastic moduli of the "fresh" and "dry" wing veins differ greatly compared with those of the wing membrane. This is a suitable reference for selecting materials for making bionic aircraft wings. The elastic modulus of the wing membrane near the wing root is in the range of 4.45-5.03 GPa, which is comparable to that of membranes manufactured by industries. The wing membrane and the outer wall of the wing vein are the layered structure with multilayer fibers, which has a great significance for improving the ability of the forewing to sustain aerodynamic loads. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The distribution of the wing vein diameter and the wing membrane thickness indicated that the forewing of Cryptotympana atrata is composed of heterogeneous materials. The measurements of the forewing of the cicada may serve as a guide for selecting airfoil materials for the bionic flapping-wing aircraft and promote the design and manufacture of more durable bionic wings in the future. The different membrane thicknesses and elastic moduli of the wing veins near the root and tip resulted in varied degrees of deformation on both sides of the flexion line of the forewing during twisting. The "fresh" sample stored more water than the "dry" sample, resulting in a significant difference in the elastic modulus between the fresh and dried veins. The microstructure of the wing vein exhibited a hollow tubular structure with flocculent structure inside. The elastic modulus of the membrane near the wing root ranged from 4.45 to 5.03 GPa, which is comparable to that of some industrial membranes. The thickness of the wing membranes ranged from 6.0 to 29.9 μm, and the diameter of the wing veins decreased in a gradient from the wing root to the tip, demonstrating that the forewing of the black cicada is a nonuniform biomaterial. The thickness of the wing membranes and the diameter of veins varied from the wing root to the tip. In this paper, we study the microscopic structures and mechanical properties of the forewing of the black cicada, Cryptotympana atrata. An insect wing is a biomaterial composed of flexible membranes and tough veins. Insects in nature flap their wings to generate lift force and driving torque to adjust their attitude and control stability. ![]()
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